Extracción y caracterización de celulosa a partir de residuos de hojas de maíz
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https://doi.org/10.21754/tecnia.v33i2.1676Palabras clave:
Celulosa, residuos de maiz, blanqueamientoResumen
El maíz es el cereal más cultivado en el mundo, sin embargo, solo el 20% de la masa total de la planta corresponde a la parte comestible, dejando el resto como residuos cuya valorización constituye aun un reto. En particular, en el Perú, los residuos de la cosecha del maíz generalmente se disponen mediante la incineración al aire libre, impactando en los suelos y generando la liberación de gases de efecto invernadero. Atendiendo esta problemática, la presente investigación estudia la extracción de celulosa a partir de residuos de hojas de maíz mediante la combinación de tratamientos mecánicos (secado, conminución y tamizado) y químicos (alcalino y blanqueado). La celulosa fue extraída con un rendimiento del 79.4% mientras que la pureza de la misma fue de 70.3%. Por otro lado, las medidas obtenidas por difracción de rayos X permitieron identificar intensos picos en un patrón característico de la celulosa tipo I, a la vez que se estimó el índice de cristalinidad en un valor de 45. Así mismo las bandas espectrales de la celulosa fueron caracterizadas por espectroscopia FT IR, mientras que las imágenes obtenidas por microscopio electrónico evidenciaron el cambio en la morfología del material desde una estructura irregular y rugosa hacia una conformación fibrilada típica de la celulosa. Esta investigación verificó la viabilidad de la extracción de celulosa y aporta un nuevo enfoque para la valorización de los abundantes residuos de maíz en el Perú.
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