Theoretical approaches to urban planning (1915-1975). A normative framework for assessing current urban development plans in Peru

Abstract

The author puts forward a comprehensive conceptual framework encompassing international urban planning theories developed since the beginning of 20th Century up to the mid fifties, so as to examine 50 years of Peruvian urban planning since 1915. The assumption is that European and North American theoretical planning basis had a strong influence in the enactment of Peruvian urban codes, regulations, policies as well as the formulation and implementation of development plans. Four main approaches are devised: Functionalist, Utopian, Community Development and Comprehensive. Planning concepts are related to their ideological, economic and social foundations. Satellite and green cities' schemes as well as urban development plans (planes reguladores o pilotos), zoning regulations and national codes for development & building were officially enacted and pursued all over the country accordingly. It is stressed the excessive concern for the spatial components of planning in attempting to improve the quality of urban life. The physical bias underpinned in national urban regulations (1969, 1971), overall policies. land subdivision codes, as well as urban development plans with strict zoning controls account merely for land use segregation patterns -as inspired in the Athens Charter of 1933. The prevailing functionalist approach' might well be one of the main reasons to account for severe failures in the implementation measures used in land policies, plans and zoning ordinances which need to be firmly faced.